Welcome to the second part of the series about Matching estimators in R. This sequel will build on top of the first part and the concepts explained there, so if you haven’t read it yet, I recommend doing so before you continue reading. But if you don’t have time for that, don’t worry. Here it’s a quick summary of the key ideas from the previous past that are required to understand this new post.

Until this moment, the posts about causal inference on this blog have been centred around frameworks that enable the discussion of causal inference problems, such as Directed Acyclical Graphs (DAGs) and the Potential Outcomes model1. Now it’s time to go one step further and start talking about the “toolbox” that allows us to address causal inference questions when working with observational data (that is, data where the treatment variable is not under the full control of the researcher).

Welcome to a new post of the series about the book Causal Inference: The Mixtape. In the previous post, we saw an introduction to the potential outcomes notation and how this notation allows us to express key concepts in the causal inference field. One of those key concepts is that the simple difference in outcomes (SDO) is an unbiased estimator of the average treatment effect whenever the treatment has been randomly assigned (i.

A couple of months ago, I decided that it was time for me to finally grow out of my R comfort zone and start studying Python. I began my Python journey by reading the book Python for Data Analysis from Wes McKinney (creator of pandas, the Python equivalent of the tidyverse), and having finished it I wanted to put into practice what I’ve learned through an applied data analysis.

This article, the second one of the series about the book Causal Inference: The Mixtape, is all about the Potential Outcomes notation and how it enables us to tackle causality questions and understand key concepts in this field1. The central idea of this notation is the comparison between 2 states of the world: The actual state: the outcomes observed in the data given the real value taken by some treatment variable.